TLR10- cluster of differentiation 290

Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) often known as CD290 (cluster of differentiation 290), is the most recently identified human homolog of the Drosophila TOLL protein. Human TLR10 is an orphan member of the Toll-like receptor family that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Like other members of the TLR family, TLR10 contains a signal peptide, multiple leucine-rich repeats, a cysteine-rich domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic TOLL interleukin-1 receptor domain. The human TLR10 gene occupies 3,269 bases arranged in three exons on the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p14) and encodes an 811-amino acid protein, approximately 50% identical to TLR1 and to TLR6. TLR10 is most closely related to TLR1 and TLR6 with 48% and 46% overall amino acid identity, respectively. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene (1).

In vivo, TLR10 mRNA expression is highest in immune system-related tissues including spleen, lymph node, thymus, tonsil. TLR10 mRNA is most highly expressed on B cells. In vitro, TLR10 is moderately upregulated by autocrine IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. TLR10 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells is elevated after exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ex vivo, monocyte TLR10 expression increases while granulocyte expression decreases on exposure to Gram-negative bacteria. (2, 3)

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